Summary

This phase III trial compares hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) (pump chemotherapy) in addition to standard of care chemotherapy versus standard of care chemotherapy alone in treating patients with colorectal cancer that has spread to the liver (liver metastases) and cannot be removed by surgery (unresectable). HAI uses a catheter to carry a tumor-killing chemotherapy drug called floxuridine directly into the liver. HAI is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver, but it is only available at a small number of hospitals, and most of the time it is not used until standard chemotherapy stops working. Standard chemotherapy drugs work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. Adding HAI to standard chemotherapy may be effective in shrinking or stabilizing unresectable colorectal liver metastases.

Objectives

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:
I. To determine if patients with persistently unresectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) after treatment with first-line chemotherapy have improved overall survival (OS) with hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) and systemic chemotherapy versus systemic chemotherapy alone.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
I. To determine whether there is a direct association between hepatic progression free survival (hPFS) and overall survival (OS) when patients are treated with HAI combined with systemic chemotherapy for unresectable CRLM.
II To determine the impact on progression free survival (overall, hepatic and extrahepatic) for patients with unresectable CRLM treated with HAI in combination with systemic chemotherapy.
III. To determine objective response rate (ORR) in the liver, defined as the proportion of patients achieving complete or partial response by Response Evaluation Criteria is Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1.
IV. To determine the rate of conversion to resectable disease, defined as the proportion of patients who successfully convert from unresectable to resectable status and undergo R0/R1 resection/ablation.
V. To determine the rate in which patients are intended to be treated with HAI but are deemed ineligible at the time of planned pump insertion due to detection of occult extrahepatic disease or unsuitable arterial anatomy (Intra-Operative Ineligibility, IOI).
VI. To determine the extent to which patient and disease-specific factors correlate with short- and long-term risk of HAI-specific complications.

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 arms.

ARM A: Patients undergo surgery to place the HAI pump within 6 weeks of randomization, followed by single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) on study. Patients then receive floxuridine via the HAI pump within 12 weeks of randomization on study. Patients also receive one of the following standard chemotherapy regimens per the treating physician within 16 weeks of randomization: FOLFOX (fluorouracil intravenously [IV], oxaliplatin IV, and leucovorin IV), FOLFIRI (fluorouracil IV, irinotecan IV, and leucovorin IV), or OX/IRI (oxaliplatin IV and irinotecan IV) with or without cetuximab IV and/or panitumumab IV on days 1 and 15 of each cycle. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients also undergo CT scans throughout the trial.

ARM B: Patients receive one of the following standard chemotherapy regimens per the treating physician within 6 weeks of randomization: FOLFOXIRI (fluorouracil IV, oxaliplatin IV, irinotecan IV, and leucovorin IV), FOLFOX IV, FOLFIRI IV, or OX/IRI IV with or without cetuximab IV, panitumumab IV, and/or bevacizumab IV on days 1 and 15 of each cycle. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients may recieve capecitabine orally (PO) in substitution for fluorouracil at the discretion of the investigator. Patients also undergo CT scans throughout the trial.

After completion of treatment, patients follow up every 3 months for 2 years and then every 6 months for an additional 3 years.

Eligibility

1. Patient must be >= 18 years of age
2. Patient must have confirmed unresectable liver confined metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). * Patient must not have radiographically or clinically evident extrahepatic disease (including but not limited to radiographically positive periportal lymph nodes). ** NOTE: Patients found to have positive periportal nodes at the time of HAI placement can remain on study. * Patient may have calcified pulmonary nodules, and/or =< 5 indeterminate and stable (for a minimum of 3 months on chemotherapy) pulmonary nodules each measuring =< 6 mm in maximal axial dimension. * Patient’s primary tumor may be in place.
3. Patient must have received 3-6 months of previous first-line chemotherapy that meet one of the following three criteria: a) have received at least 6 but no more than 12 cycles of first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy (where 1 cycle = 14 days) OR b) have received at least 4 but no more than 8 cycles of first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy (where 1 cycle = 21 days) OR c) have developed new colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) within 12 months of completing adjuvant systemic therapy for stage II-III colorectal cancer. * NOTE: First-line chemotherapy may have included any of the following regimens as listed in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines: leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) (or equivalent), leucovorin calcium (calcium folinate), 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) (or equivalent), leucovorin calcium (calcium folinate), 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI), each with or without any of the following: bevacizumab, cetuximab, or panitumumab.
4. Patient must have stable or responding disease on first-line chemotherapy by RECIST 1.1 criteria
5. Patient must meet the following criteria for technical unresectability: * A margin-negative resection requires resection of three hepatic veins, both portal veins, or the retrohepatic vena cava OR a resection that leaves less than two adequately perfused and drained segments. * NOTE: Institutional multidisciplinary review is required to confirm unresectability and rule out radiographically positive extrahepatic disease.
6. Patient must undergo CT angiography (chest/abdomen/pelvis) to confirm acceptable hepatic arterial anatomy for HAI and to rule out extrahepatic disease within 4 weeks prior to randomization.
7. Patient must have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status 0-1 and be clinically fit to undergo surgery as determined by the pre-operative evaluation.
8. Patient must not have a liver tumor burden exceeding 70% of total liver volume.
9. Patient must not have had prior radiation to the liver (prior radiation therapy to the pelvis is acceptable if completed at least 2 weeks prior to randomization).
10. Patient must not have had prior trans-arterial bland embolization, chemoembolization (TACE) or radioembolization (TARE).
11. Patient must not have had prior treatment with HAI/floxuridine (FUDR)
12. Patient must not have microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer.
13. Patient must not have CRLM that could be resected with 2-stage hepatectomy, including associating liver partition and portal vein ligation (ALPPS).
14. Patient must not have an active infection, serious or non-healing active wound, ulcer, or bone fracture.
15. Patient must not have any serious medical problems which would preclude receiving the protocol treatment or would interfere with the cooperation with the requirements of this trial.
16. Patient must not have cirrhosis and/or clinical or radiographic evidence of portal hypertension
17. Patient must not be pregnant or breast-feeding due to the potential harm to an unborn fetus and possible risk for adverse events in nursing infants with the treatment regimens being used. * All patients of childbearing potential must have a blood test or urine study within 14 days prior to randomization to rule out pregnancy. * A patient of childbearing potential is defined as anyone, regardless of sexual orientation or whether they have undergone tubal ligation, who meets the following criteria: 1) has achieved menarche at some point, 2) has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or 3) has not been naturally postmenopausal (amenorrhea following cancer therapy does not rule out childbearing potential) for at least 24 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 24 consecutive months).
18. Patient must not expect to conceive or father children by using accepted and effective method(s) of contraception or by abstaining from sexual intercourse for the duration of their participation in the study.
19. Leukocytes >= 3,000/mcL (obtained =< 14 days prior to protocol randomization)
20. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1,500/mcL (obtained =< 14 days prior to protocol randomization)
21. Platelets >= 100,000/mcL (obtained =< 14 days prior to protocol randomization)
22. Total Bilirubin =< 1.5 mg/dL (obtained =< 14 days prior to protocol randomization)
23. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) =< 3.0 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (obtained =< 14 days prior to protocol randomization)
24. Creatinine =< 1.5 x institutional ULN OR creatinine clearance >= 50 mL/min calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault method (obtained =< 14 days prior to protocol randomization)
25. Calcium >= institutional lower limit of normal (LLN)
26. Patients with a prior or concurrent malignancy whose natural history or treatment does not have the potential to interfere with the safety or efficacy assessment of the investigational regimen are eligible for this trial.
27. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on effective anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable viral load within 6 months of randomization are eligible for this trial. Testing for HIV is not required for entry onto the study

Treatment Sites in Georgia